quinta-feira, 24 de janeiro de 2008

Novas regras nos certificados de aforro

O Governo alterou hoje o regime jurídico dos certificados de aforro, produtos de poupança detidos por mais de 700 mil portugueses. O método de cálculo da taxa de juro foi alterado, o prémio máximo de permanência aumenta para 2,5% mas só é conseguido no décimo ano de subscrição e será atribuído de forma mais faseada ao longo do tempo. Ao fim de dez anos os certificados são reembolsados aos subscritores, o que não acontece actualmente.

O novo regime jurídico dos certificados de aforro foi hoje aprovado em Conselho de Ministros. Foi criada uma nova série de certificados de aforro, denominada de C. Esta, de acordo com o IGCP, vai pagar este mês uma taxa de juro bruta de 3,892%. As novas subscrições podem ser feitas a partir de 26 de Janeiro.

A série B, que vai ser fechada a novas subscrições, também a partir de 26 de Janeiro, paga actualmente um juro de 3,72%. Actualmente o juro bruto dos certificados (série B) é encontrado aplicando um factor de 0,8 à Euribor.

A série C, que é agora criada, vai ter uma nova fórmula de cálculo dos juros. A taxa será encontrada através da aplicação de um factor de 0,85 à Euribor reduzida de 0,25. A taxa Euribor a ter em conta para a utilização na fórmula resulta da média dos valores da Euribor a três meses observados nos 10 dias úteis anteriores, sendo o resultado arredondado à terceira casa decimal.

Os diferentes métodos resultam em taxas de juro diferentes para a remuneração dos certificados de aforro. No final do ano passado, o IGCP anunciou que a taxa de juro a vigorar nas subscrições (certificados da série B) era de 3,72%, que é inferior à nova.

De acordo com uma nota publicada no site da IGCP, a taxa de juro bruta para novas subscrições de Certificados de Aforro da Série C, em Janeiro de 2008, foi fixada em 3,892%.

De acordo com o comunicado das Finanças, a taxa de remuneração base da série C é superior à da série B modificada em quase 1% e é também superior à taxa da anterior série B em 0,1%. Em Agosto de 2006 o Governo reduziu o factor de correcção da Euribor de 0,94 para 0,8.

Prémios de permanência menos atractivos

Para além do método de cálculo dos juros, outra das grandes alterações nos certificados de aforro está nos prémios de permanência.

O prémio de permanência máximo até foi aumentado para 2,5%, mas só é conseguido ao fim do nono ano de subscrição. Com as novas regras, só no segundo ano de subscrição o aforrador começa a receber prémios de permanência.

A diferença surge depois.

No segundo ano de subscrição, o aforrador passa agora a receber um prémio de permanência de 0,25 pontos percentuais. No terceiro ano o prémio aumenta para 0,5 pp, para 0,75 no quarto ano, 1 pp no oitavo ano, 1,5 pp no nono ano e 2,5 pp no último.

Actualmente, com a série B, o prémio é de 0,25% ao fim do segundo semestre de capitalização e aumenta 0,25% em cada um dos semestres seguintes até atingir 2%.

Ou seja, ao fim de cinco anos de subscrição do certificado de aforro da série B, o aforrador já está a receber o prémio de permanência máximo (2%) e poderá mantê-lo depois para sempre.

Com a série C, o aforrador só recebe o prémio máximo ao fim de nove anos e apenas por um ano. É que os certificados de série C tem uma maturidade máxima de 10 anos e o aforrador é logo reembolsado. Ou seja, os certificados são terminados e o aforrador o mais que poderá fazer é nova subscrição.

O Governo explica esta alteração no prémio de permanência com o objectivo de "cumprir o seu papel de incentivo à poupança de longo prazo, sendo apenas atingido no final do nono ano de vida do certificado de aforro".

Há ainda outras alterações. A nova série terá um menor valor unitário (1 euro) e um menor valor máximo de subscrição (100 mil unidades), "direccionando este produto para os pequenos aforradores".

Ou seja, cada aforrador pode investir um máximo de 100 mil euros em certificados de aforro.

Uma das tendências que levou o Governo a alterar as regras estava no facto de serem as famílias mais "abastadas" que eram as principais subscritoras de certificados e em grande quantidade.

Actuais características são "injustas para os contribuintes"

Na portaria que determina as novas regras, o secretário de Estado do Tesouro e Finanças adianta que "as características dos certificados de aforro da série B, criada pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 172-B/86, de 30 de Junho, actualmente em emissão, revelam-se desajustadas face às alterações entretanto verificadas na forma de funcionamento dos mercados

financeiros, mecanismos de formação das taxas de juro e tecnologias de relacionamento entre as instituições financeiras e os seus clientes".

Num comunicado, o Ministério das Finanças assegura que são mantidos os direitos adquiridos por quem já subscreveu certificados de aforro e que a nova Série C apresenta uma "remuneração global razoável face aos actuais níveis das taxas de juro e às rendibilidades dos produtos alternativos com o mesmo perfil de risco".

Novas regras da Série C

Valores e subscrição:

Valor nominal - (euro) 1;

Mínimo de subscrição - 100 unidades;

Máximo por conta aforro - 1 milhão de unidades;

Mínimo por conta aforro - 100 unidades.

Prazo e juros:

Prazo - 10 anos;

Taxa de juro - soma da taxa base na data de início do trimestre com o prémio de permanência atribuível à subscrição;

Taxa base em percentagem - determinada mensalmente no antepenúltimo dia útil do mês, para vigorar durante o mês seguinte, segundo a fórmula:

0,85*E3-0,25

em que E3 é a média dos valores da EURIBOR a três meses observados nos 10 dias úteis anteriores, sendo o resultado arredondado à terceira casa decimal;

Período de contagem de juros - cada subscrição vencerá juros com uma periodicidade trimestral. O vencimento dos juros ocorre no dia do mês igual ao da data valor da subscrição. No caso de esse dia não existir no mês de vencimento, o vencimento terá lugar no 1.º dia do mês seguinte;

Prémio de permanência em pontos percentuais:

0,25, no 2.º ano;

0,50, no 3.º ano;

0,75, do 4.º ao 7.º ano;

1, no 8.º ano;

1,5, no 9.º ano;

2,5, no 10.º ano;

Capitalização - capitalização automática dos juros vencidos (líquidos de impostos);

Reembolso - de capital e juros capitalizados, no 10.º aniversário da data valor da subscrição;

Resgate antecipado - total ou parcial, a partir da data em que ocorra o primeiro vencimento de juros da subscrição. O resgate determina o reembolso do valor nominal das unidades resgatadas e do valor dos juros capitalizados até à data do resgate.

Titularidade e movimentação:

Só podem ser titulares pessoas singulares;

Cada pessoa singular só pode ser titular de uma conta aforro e a cada conta aforro estará associado um número de identificação bancária (NIB);

O resgate antecipado pode ser efectuado pelo titular da conta aforro ou por terceiro indicado pelo titular na condição de movimentador da subscrição.

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